The purpose of religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The reason for religion - Essay Example Religion has been the most fascinating, dubious and persuasive factor in lives of people for quite a long time. Since the start of human advancement a huge number of years back, religion has inundated the existence circles of occupants of this world by and large. Researchers, masterminds, logicians, and scholars have contributed their time and exertion widely to examine the effect of religion on people’s lives. In any event, when the job religion played in lives of its adherents was not an observationally demonstrated one; it was obvious through thoughtfulness of thousands of individuals who considered a to be in their lives as they practice their confidence. This paper endeavors to investigate this transformative force, religion holds and the reason it serves in various settings in lives of individuals. What's more, the paper will likewise endeavor to take a gander at the modernization and investigate the distinction, appearance of science and innovation has made in the capac ity, religion served in the lives of its adherents. Initially, when man started to wander into the secrets of the universe and set out upon the everlasting scholarly excursion, he utilized religion as an approach to investigate the universe and tackle the riddles every wonder advertised. In this manner, legends appeared and individuals began adoring items since they thought it was these articles, which administered the universe and ran their lives. This doesn't just incorporate articles like fire and water yet creatures like the ones who were more remarkable than them and their pets. As the world advanced, individuals became smarter and understood the presence of a higher power, which administered the lives of articles, and elements, which they prior saw to be simply the celestial power. Along these lines, the appearance of the idea of religion occurred. Be that as it may, as the world propelled, the job of religion turned out to be more died down as individuals investigated compara ble gains in different assets like innovation and consultancy, the two of which gives comfort and a space to purification with machine and human separately. What is hazardous to decide is in this way not what religion planned to accomplish, yet whether religion is as yet required to empower life to work regularly or whether it is an outdated substance whose whole presence is only a bogus fulfillment and declaration to different occasions that stand unexplained in the domain of history. To take a gander at it fundamentally, religion really doesn't offer a lot of help with regards to genuine issues, in any event not any longer. The reasons it served in old occasions are currently achieved in its nonattendance with a similar quality in any case. For example, religion in more seasoned occasions was utilized as clarification for some, life procedures and all inclusive happening, which were without any clarification understandable to human brain. Be that as it may, with the logical headwa y and new revelations flooding the universe of data consistently, science appears to have overwhelmed this job and religion shows up died down by its a lot more youthful adversary. Instances of this will be evolutionism offered by Charles Darwin and Big Bang hypothesis, which both offer non-divine-yet-intelligent clarification for the production of universe. In bygone eras, religion additionally filled a mental need. It helped individuals alleviate pressure, dispose of their common weights, and present their concerns to the force, which appeared to retain all that is terrible and shield individuals from all sufferings. All issues that appeared to be out of their control and hover of shrewdness were left to the unbelievable and ceaseless intensity of godliness. Likewise, customs were intended to mollify and gratiate this super force for his boundless bounties and at whatever point sins or slip-ups were submitted, satisfaction rituals and penances were performed to make it up to him. Consequently, religion was simply not confined to customs and love, however it immersed the entire way of life and included all parts of presence of a person. Be that as it may, science has figured out how to eclipse effectively the effect of religion on people’

Hannibal Barca :: essays research papers

Hannibal Barca was conceived in 247 B.C. in the city of Carthage, which was situated in current Tunis, or the northern tip of Africa. His dad, Hamilcar Barca, was an extraordinary Carthaginian general of the military who battled in the First Punic War among Rome and Carthage, which the last lost. At a youthful age, Hamilcar made Hannibal guarantee â€Å"eternal scorn towards Rome† (Lendering, 1). At around age nine, Hannibal went with his dad on a campaign to increase a hold in Spain. During this time was when Hannibal likely increased a large portion of his military information that helped him incredibly further down the road. When Hannibal’s father and more seasoned sibling kicked the bucket in 229 and 226, Hannibal was chosen president of the Carthaginian armed force. Around ten years after the fact, Hannibal, following up on his guarantee to his dad, assaulted the city of Sagantum in Spain, which was constrained by the Romans. This assault prompted the beginning of the Second Punic War among Carthage and Rome.      Even before the war began, Hannibal realized what he would do. Since Carthage had no naval force, there was no expectation of going legitimately from Carthage to Italy over the Mediterranean Sea. Hannibal concocted a risky however sharp arrangement. So as to get to Italy over land, Hannibal and his military would need to go from Carthage-controlled Spain over the Alps and into the core of the adversary. Hannibal left vulnerable winter of 218 B.C. with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 rangers, and 37 war elephants. While crossing the Alps, â€Å"Hannibal’s power experienced incredibly the components and the antagonistic vibe of the nearby tribesmen† (Beshara, 3). When they arrived at Italy, after just fourteen days, more than 9,000 men had died alongside a large portion of the elephants, however this number was before long recharged after 14,000 northern Gaul rebels joined Hannibal’s armed force. This gathering of 60,000 men demonstrated better than the Roman powers, and after at any rate three recorded significant triumphs, the Roman senate was exasperated. A multitude of 80,000 Roman officers was sent to stop Hannibal’s armed force of now 50,000 for the last time. In July of 216 B.C., the Romans connected with the Carthaginians in â€Å"the neighborhood of Cannae on the Italian east coast† (Lendering, 2). Extraordinarily dwarfed, Hannibal understood that he would need to win by methodology, and that is actually what he did. As the two lines met, Hannibal’s mounted force picked up the flanks and, climbing the sides, assaulted the back of the Roman line.

Forget that

Forget that On Tuesday night, Diana 08 baked a cake. Since she borrowed a bunch of my kitchen stuff (bowls and spoons and so on), she promised to save me a piece. Now, whenever you print something to one of the campus printers (unless you take the action to turn it off), the printer automatically prints whats called a header page before all of your stuff. This page has your MIT username in the top corner, so you can quickly and easily find your printouts in the massive pile of stuff that has been strewn around the printer over the past few days. To make them less wasteful, the header pages always have something useful on them, like graph paper or musical staffs, so that you can actually use them for something, instead of just killing trees. Theyre also useful for clothing, as Ruth demonstrated at the Anything But Clothes Party 2 years ago. Anyway, I had used a header page for scap paper and thrown it into the recycling bin earlier that day, so Diana decided to recycle it again to save my piece of cake for me. People sometimes go by their username as a nickname, and since another Laura moved onto the floor over a year ago, Ive been trying to get everyone to call me by my username (with very limited success) ever since. I found the slice of cake in the kitchen the next morning, and decided to eat it for part of my lunch right before heading off to my 2.008 exam, which was at 12:30. Then I noticed the small note below my username: (text: For maximum effect, consume after an exam.) Well, Diana is an excellent cook, she probably knows best. So I went and took the 2.008 exam, which SUCKED and was way harder than it ever needed to be, and I certainly didnt have time to finish. (Although it didnt seem like anyone else did either, so I guess thats not so bad.) Then I went to music class and had another test, which was just in major scales but still hard because I suck at music. Also, music is dumb. Intervals are just stupid. I dont understand them, so they should go away. After that I had another organizational meeting for MassCPR, this huge event that is ruining my life by not planning itself. So, when I finally returned to the dorm, I walked into my room to find a slice of chocolate cake that literally had my name on it. I poured myself a glass of milk, and enjoyed Dianas delicious baking. Thanks Diana! Okay, so an update. Remember my to-do list from a week ago? Well, some of them were completely impossible, and some of them I said screw it, Ill do it after break. So Im not totally superhuman, but after realizing my limits and readjusting, Id sort of completed everything. Then I sent our technical advisor for MIT-EMS an email, explained to him what he needed to do to complete the event registration form Id dropped off for him at MIT Medical earlier today, thanked him for being my hero and taking care of this so I could get away from this place without stressing out about whether the CAC would spontaneously call me up the day before to cancel the event that has ruined my life because the paperwork wasnt filed on time, and took out a big black marker to cross off the last item on the list. So now all I have to say is: Forget this place, Im going to Paris. Oh, and Rome. HA!

How to Make the Ultimate Colored Smoke Bomb

The classic smoke bomb is a great project for the home or lab, producing lots of safe smoke, with purple flames. If you get dye and consider the shape of your creation, you can make a smoke bomb that billows clouds of brightly-colored smoke. Adult supervision is required. Colored Smoke Bomb Materials 60 g (3 tablespoons) potassium nitrate (sold as saltpeter in garden supply shops)40 g (2 tablespoons) sugar1 teaspoon baking soda60 g (3 tablespoons) powdered organic dye (such as synthetic indigo or an aniline-based dye, found in some craft hobby shops; not common water-based dye)Cardboard tube (best is an iced push-pop tube (eat the treat first), or you could use a toilet paper roll or section of paper towel tube, or even a rolled/taped paper tube)Duct tapePen or pencilFirework fuse (hardware, rocketry, construction, or hobby shops, or scavenge it from a firework)Cotton ballsSaucepan Make the Colored Smoke Bomb Mixture Mix 60 g potassium nitrate with 40 g sugar in a saucepan over low heat. Its a 3:2 ratio, so if you dont have grams, use three large spoonfuls of potassium nitrate and two large spoonfuls of sugar (3 tablespoons and 2 tablespoons, if you feel the need to be precise).The sugar will carmelize and brown. Stir the mixture continuously until it resembles smooth peanut butter.Remove the mixture from heat.Stir in a spoonful of baking soda (a rounded teaspoon is fine). The baking soda is added to slow down the combustion when the smoke bomb is ignited.Add three large spoonfuls (3 tablespoons) of powdered organic dye. Blue dye and orange dye are said to produce better results than the other colors. Stir to mix well.Construct the smoke bomb while the mixture is still hot and pliable. Assemble the Smoke Bomb Fill a cardboard tube with the warm smoke bomb mixture.Push a pen or pencil down into the center of the mix (doesnt have to be all the way to the bottom but should be enough that the pen stands in the mixture). You could use a different shape, but the cylinder works really well.Let the mixture harden (about an hour).Remove the pen.Insert a firework fuse. Push pieces of cotton balls into the hole to tamp the fuse securely inside the smoke bomb. Be sure there is fuse left outside of the tube so that you will be able to light your smoke bomb.Wrap the smoke bomb with duct tape. Cover the top and bottom of the tube, too, but leave the hole area with the cotton and fuse uncovered.Go outside and light your smoke bomb! Tips for Success The key to producing vibrant colored smoke is using an appropriate dye. The color is produced by vaporizing a dye from the heat of the smoke bomb, not from burning a pigment, which always produces normal smoke.Getting a good display also depends on the geometry of the smoke bomb. When the dye is vaporized, the pressure from combustion forces it out to produce the smoke. There needs to be enough pressure inside the smoke bomb to push the smoke out, but not too much pressure or else it will burst. This is why cardboard and tape are used. You can control the opening for the smoke. The materials are strong enough to contain a certain level of force  but will rupture rather than explode if the pressure is too great. Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Case Study Guidelines Motivation and Leadership Essay

Toying with Success: The McFarlane Toy Company Todd McFarlane, president and CEO of the McFarlane Companies, is an entrepreneur who understands the importance of product development. Comics, sports, toys, and rock-and-roll have all benefited from his creativity. When McFarlane’s dream to play major league baseball didn’t happen, he fell back on another interest he developed as a teenager—drawing superheroes. He faced the same question faced by all entrepreneurs: Could he make money pursuing his dream? He sent his sketches to prospective employers, and after 300 rejection letters McFarlane got a job freelancing for Marvel Comics. Working many hours for low pay, he made a name for himself and by 1990 was the highest-paid comic book artist†¦show more content†¦Finally, the global influence on business impacts all the other environments. Knowing he can’t control the global environment, McFarlane focuses on managing what he can control. Todd McFarlane’s purchase of Mark McGwire’s 70th home run ball for $3 million illustrates his willingness to take a risk and focus on what he controls. While many thought he was crazy, McFarlane saw an opportunity. He combined the ball with several others hit by McGwire and Sammy Sosa to create the McFarlane Collection, which was displayed in every major league stadium and garnered enormous publicity. A portion of the proceeds was donated to the Lou Gehrig Foundation. Most significant, McFarlane began a relationship with professional sports that led to his obtaining the exclusive rights to nearly every professional sports team toy license. Questions for Discussion 1. What personality traits do entrepreneurs like Todd McFarlane possess that distinguish them from other individuals? Individuals like Todd McFarlane possess traits like willingness to take a risk and focus on what he controls, entrepreneurship, and effective leadership skills. These skills long with his creative decisions from being a comic book creator, and many other things he has created, helped him gain the success he possesses because he had to will to take risks. 2. How have global competition and technology advances changed business conditionsShow MoreRelatedKey Issues : Who Gets The Project Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesKey Issues: The presented case, A Manager’s Dilemma: Who Gets the Project, elucidates the importance of combating unfavorable organizational discourse/behaviors, and how it resides heavily with the leadership of managers. In regards to the case Dave Peterson was given temporary responsibility of the CMT unit, and with his newly appointed position, Peterson must decide a project lead for a CD-ROM self-study course. As Peterson has a personal relationship with both Seamus and Olson, the decision processRead MoreLeadership Coaching And Feedback Oriented Performance Management System885 Words   |  4 Pagessystem and what system will best work the implement. Effective leadership cares about their employees and want to train and develop them, so they grow and find meaning and purpose in their work. To help coachees to become more effective leaders, leadership coaches need to have specialist knowledge, coaching experience and right credentials (Kinsler): Specialist Knowledge Leadership coaches should have the understanding of leadership theory, models and best practice. They also need to understandRead MoreSynopsis Of The Path Goal Theory1233 Words   |  5 Pagesperformance of the follower by presenting rewards, clearing the path to objectives, and removing obstacles. 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James Lewis (2003) says leadership is not a position; it’s the ability to gain commitment from people. According to Professor Warren G. Bennis, â€Å"Leaders are people who do the right thing; managers are people who do things right†Read MoreEA Brief 7001V1 v01 1 1305 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Unit 7001V1 - Personal leadership development as a strategic manager Introduction This unit is about understanding the strategic skills required to enable an organisation to achieve its ambitions. It requires you to demonstrate that you are able to identify and manage organisational skills requirements and personal leadership development and evaluate the effectiveness of the results. The unit is also about understanding how to create a staff welfare environment aligned to organisationalRead MoreSituational Approach Theory Is A Leadership Model814 Words   |  4 PagesSituational Approach Theory is a leadership model that was developed by Hersey and Blanchard in 1969 based on Reddin’s (1967) management model (Northouse, 2015). The model focuses on various leadership styles based upon the situation at that time. Leadership is viewed as being composed of directive and supportive dimensions that is applied according to the situation (Northouse, 2015). The leadership styles include: Directing (high directive-low supportive), Coaching (high directive-high supp ortive)Read MoreWhat Key Aspects Set Apart Successful Companies?1275 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual aspects of leadership. 3. Laurence, Janice H. â€Å"Military Leadership and the Complexity of Combat and Culture†. Military Psychology. 23:489–501 (2001). Copyright  © Taylor Francis Group, LLC. 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Mathematical Interpretations of Keynes’s General Theory Free Essays

Introduction Many changes had occurred in the last century in every science. Economics was not the exception and a transformation into the theoretical approach took place in the 30s. In 1936 Keynes published â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†. We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematical Interpretations of Keynes’s General Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its main ideas set the foundations of macroeconomics and had influenced economics since. Unfortunately, Keynes had (and has) a bad reputation as a writer, because of this there has been constant analysis and interpretations of what he meant. Economists affirmed that Keynes’s innovating work, as any new approach, had some â€Å"inconsistencies†. Further, the book had small use of mathematics and, thus, had small proof of what it stated. Therefore, these ideas need interpretation and testing into the â€Å"real world†. Keynes Main Ideas Kriesler and Nevile (2000) define the book’s main points as follows:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦in a capitalist economy employment, and hence unemployment, is determined by effective demand [†¦] decisions about production and investment are made on the basis of expectations†, and â€Å"monetary variables influence real variables such as output and employment and real variables, in turn, influence monetary ones.† One of the most daunting tasks was to set up a mathematical foundation of the cited Keynes’s works. The most important economists who performed this job were, in a â€Å"crossed fertilization process† as Heller (2000) points it, Roy Harrod, James Meade and mainly John Hicks. In fact, in 1937 Hicks published an influential article, â€Å"Mr. Keynes and the Classics: A suggested interpretation† that rapidly became the standard of Keynesian economics theory. Mathematical Foundations The Keynes’s ideas stated in the paragraphs above turned â€Å"into simple mathematical models of the macro-economy; [and] the most long-lived and flexible, the â€Å"IS-LM model†, came from John R. Hicks† (Morgan 2001). Despite that, some authors suggest that Harrod and Meade had inspired the IS-LM model proposed by Hicks (Young, qt. in Heller, 2002)[1]. Others suggest that Champernowne and Reddaway also had some contribution into the model’s formalization (Barens 1998, qt in Heller, 2002) Besides the multiple interpretations of Keynes’s work, Hicks’ one remains as one of the most important. As pointed by Heller (2000), the models proposed as explanations had similar expressions which are systems of simultaneous equations. And the mathematical formulation’s success of Keynes’s General Theory is because of the â€Å"mathematical elegance† and the exact nature of systems of simultaneous equations, which many consider alike; and particularly to Hicks who was the only one in representing the theory through diagrams. (Heller, 2002) As pointed, Harrod was another economist who performed a mathematical foundation for Keynes’s work. According to him, Keynes system corrects the traditional theory; allowing the Income level to be not given, the price level does not depend on the money, and money demand is divided in two. Due to all of this Harrod states that Keynes system is better than the traditional one. Keynes had a very positive view of Harrod’s development of his own work, which Harrods presented in the same conference where Hicks did. Hence, Keynes thought that Harrod works interpreted correctly his own ideas. But these authors’ success in interpreting Keynes’s ideas is not free of detractors. Kriesler and Nevile (2000) made a clear stand of this: economists reject the â€Å"IS-LM framework as being neither a valid simplification of the arguments in the General Theory nor a reliable model for analyzing macroeconomic issues.† Economists think the IS-LM model ignores expectations and it is not useful to analyze a particular economy beside the static equilibrium[2]. They also affirm that Hicks took Keynesian macroeconomics to another direction from the one intended by the work’s author.   The same authors assert that Keynes’s own vision on Hicks model â€Å"did have the faults that post Keynesians typically ascribe to IS-LM.†[3] Conclusion Keynes’s work and the posterior mathematical development gave, to governments and to economists, answers that can be easily explained and understood by everyone only using analytical tools as diagrams or simple mathematics. What is more, those ideas were beyond the economic â€Å"common sense† of the time: governments can spend during depressions.  Affirming if these formalizations of the model are what Keynes’s work pointed might be intimidating. Regardless of this and the different views, Hicks simplification and formalization of the model is useful, and catches the spirit of the work. As any first interpretation improvements were (and still are) made but the first task was accomplished. References Heller, Claudia, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money According to Brian Reddaway Economia em Revista, Vol. 10, pp. 15-32, 2002 Heller, Claudia, The ‘General Theory’ Synthesis According to Roy Harrod in ‘Mr. Keynes and Traditional Theory’, Revista de Economia (Curitiba), Vol. 23, pp. 27-49, 2000 Keynes, John Maynard, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (New York: Prometheus Books, 1997). Morgan, Mary, The formation of â€Å"Modern† Economics: Engineering and Ideology, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics, May 2001, Available at ;http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/home.aspx; [1] Young proposed that to call it the â€Å"IS-LM Harrod-Meade† model. [2] It is important to make clear that many have pointed rational expectations as one of the inconsistencies in Keynes’s work. [3] Post Keynesian economists main critic to the IS-LM model is its static equilibrium nature, thus has no means to deal economy’s path of adjustment. How to cite Mathematical Interpretations of Keynes’s General Theory, Essay examples

Chemical Bonding Essay Example

Chemical Bonding Paper Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A stable compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent bond: bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. Ionic bond: bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other.Other types of bonds include metallic bonds and hydrogen bonding. The attractive forces between molecules in a liquid can be characterized as van der Waals bonds. What is an Ionic Bond? An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed due to the attraction between an atom that has lost one or more electron (known as a cation) and an atom that has gained one or more electrons (known as an anion). Usually, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a non-metal atom.It is important to recognize that pure ionic bonding in which one atom steals an electron from another cannot exist: all ionic compounds have some degree of covalent bonding, or electron sharing. Thus, the term ionic bond is given to a bond in which the ionic character is greater than the covalent character that is, a bond in which a large electronegativity difference exists between the two atoms, causing the bond to be more polar (ionic) than other forms of covalent bonding where electrons are shared more equally. Bonds with partially ionic and partially covalent character are called polar covalent bonds.Nevertheless, ionic bonding is considered to be a form of no covalent bonding. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or in solution, but not as a solid. They generally have a high melting point and tend to be soluble in water. Ionic  Bonding   is observed because metals have few electrons in its outer-most orbital. By losing those electrons, these metals can achieve noble-gas configuration and satisfy the octet rule. Similarly, nonmetals that have close to 8 electrons in its valence shell tend to readily accept electrons to achieve its noble gas configuration.In  ionic  bonding, more than 1 electron can be donated or received to satisfy the octet rule. The charge on the anion and cation corresponds to the number of electrons donated or recieved. In  ionic  bonds, the net charge of the compound must be zero. This sodium molecule donates the lone electron in its valence orbital in order to achieve octet configuration. This creates a positively charged cation due to the loss of electron. This Chlorine molecule receives one electron to achieve its octet configuration. This creates a negatively charged anion due to the addition of one electron.The predicted overall energy of the  ionic  bonding process, which inclu des the ionization energy of the metal and electron affinity of the non-metal, is usually positive, indicating that the reaction is endothermic and unfavorable. However,  this reaction is highly favorable because of their electrostatic attraction. At the most ideal inter-atomic distance, attraction between these particles releases enough energy to facilitate the reaction. Most  ionic  compounds tend to dissociate in polar solvents because they are  often polar. This phenomenon is due to the opposite charges on each ions.Examples: In this example, the Sodium  molecule is donating its 1 valence electron to the Chlorine molecule. This creates a Sodium cation and a Chlorine anion. Notice that the net charge of the compound is 0. In this example, the Magnesium molecule is donating both of its valence electrons to Chlorine molecules. Each Chlorine molecule can only accept 1 electron before it can achieve  its noble gas configuration; therefore, 2 molecules of Chlorine is requi red to accept the 2 electrons donated by the Magnesium. Notice that the net charge of the compound is 0. StructureIonic compounds in the solid state form lattice structures. The two principal factors in determining the form of the lattice are the relative charges of the ions and their relative sizes. Some structures are adopted by a number of compounds; for example, the structure of the rock salt sodium chloride is also adopted by many alkali halides, and binary oxides such as MgO. Bond Strength For a solid crystalline ionic compound the enthalpy change in forming the solid from gaseous ions is termed the lattice energy. The experimental value for the lattice energy can be determined using the Born-Haber cycle.It can also be calculated using the Born-Lande equation as the sum of the electrostatic potential energy, calculated by summing interactions between cations and anions, and a short range repulsive potential energy term. The electrostatic potential can be expressed in terms of the inter-ionic separation and a constant (Madelung constant) that takes account of the geometry of the crystal. The Born-Lande equation gives a reasonable fit to the lattice energy of e. g. sodium chloride where the calculated value is ? 756 kJ/mol which compares to ? 87 kJ/mol using the Born-Haber cycle. Polarization Effects Ions in crystal lattices of purely ionic compounds are spherical; however, if the positive ion is small and/or highly charged, it will distort the electron cloud of the negative ion, an effect summarised in Fajans rules. This polarization of the negative ion leads to a build-up of extra charge density between the two nuclei, i. e. , to partial covalency. Larger negative ions are more easily polarized, but the effect is usually only important when positive ions with charges of 3+ (e. . , Al3+) are involved. However, 2+ ions (Be2+) or even 1+ (Li+) show some polarizing power because their sizes are so small (e. g. , LiI is ionic but has some covalent bonding pre sent). Note that this is not the ionic polarization effect which refers to displacement of ions in the lattice due to the application of an electric field. Comparison with covalent bonds In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound by attraction of opposite ions, whereas, in a covalent bond, atoms are bound by sharing electrons to attain stable electron configurations.In covalent bonding, the molecular geometry around each atom is determined by Valence shell electron pair repulsion VSEPR rules, whereas, in ionic materials, the geometry follows maximum packing rules. Purely ionic bonds cannot exist, as the proximity of the entities involved in the bond allows some degree of sharing electron density between them. Therefore, all ionic bonds have some covalent character. Thus, an ionic bond is considered a bond where the ionic character is greater than the covalent character. The larger the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms involved in the bond, the more ionic (polar) the b ond is.Bonds with partially ionic and partially covalent character are called polar covalent bonds. For example, Na–Cl and Mg–O bonds have a few percent covalency, while Si–O bonds are usually ~50% ionic and ~50% covalent. Electrical Conductivity Ionic compounds, if molten or dissolved, can conduct electricity because the ions in these conditions are free to move and carry electrons between the anode and the cathode. In the solid form, however, they cannot conduct because the electrons are held together too tightly for them to move. However, some ionic compounds can conduct electricity when solid.This is due to migration of the ions themselves under the influence of an electric field. These compounds are known as fast ion conductors. What is a Covalent Bond? Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms. This type of bonding occurs between two of the same element or elements close to each other in the periodic table. This bonding occurs primarily be tween non-metals; however, it can also be observed between non-metals and metals as well. When molecules have similar electronegativity, same affinity for electrons, covalent bonds are most likely to occur.Since both atoms have the same affinity for electrons and neither is willing to donate them, they share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and become more stable. In addition, the ionization energy of the atom is too large and the electron affinity of the atom is too small for  ionic bonding to occur. For example: Carbon doesn’t form  ionic  bonds since it has 4 valence electrons, half of an octet. In order to form  ionic bonds, Carbon molecules must either gain or lose 4 electrons. This is highly unfavourable; therefore, Carbon molecules share their 4 valence electrons through single, double, and triple onds so that each atom can achieve noble gas configurations. Covalent bonds can include interactions of the sigma and pi orbitals; therefore covalent bonds lead to formation of single, double, triple, and quadruple bonds. Example: In this example, a Phosphorous molecule is sharing its 3 unpaired electrons with 3 Chlorine atoms. In the end product, all four of these molecules have 8 valence electrons  and satisfy the octet rule. A covalent bond is the chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding. [1] For many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell, corresponding to a stable electronic configuration. Covalent bonding includes many kinds of interactions, including ? -bonding, ? -bonding, metal-to-metal bonding, agnostic interactions, and three-centre two-electron bonds. [2][3] The term covalent bond dates from 1939. [4] The prefix co- means jointly, associated in action, partnered to a lesser degree, etc. thus a co-valent bond, in essence, means that the atoms share valence, such as is discussed in valence bond theory. In the molecule H2, the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding. [5] Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electronegativity’s. Thus, covalent bonding does not necessarily require the two atoms be of the same elements, only that they be of comparable electronegativity. Covalent bonding which entails sharing of electrons over more than two atoms is said to be delocalized. Physical properties of covalent compounds (polar and non-polar) Physical properties| Covalent compounds|States (at room temperature)| Solid, liquid, gas| Electrical conductivity| Usually none| Boiling point and Melting point| Varies, but usually lower than ionic compounds| Solubility in water| Varies, but usually lower than ionic compounds| Thermal conductivity| Usually low| Subdivision of covalent bonds There are three types of covalent substances: individual molecules, molecular st ructures, and macromolecular structures. Individual molecules have strong bonds that hold the atoms together, but there are negligible forces of attraction between molecules.Such covalent substances are gases. For example, HCl, SO2, CO2, and CH4. In molecular structures, there are weak forces of attraction. Such covalent substances are low-boiling-temperature liquids (such as ethanol), and low-melting-temperature solids (such as iodine and solid CO2). Macromolecular structures have large numbers of atoms linked in chains or sheets (such as graphite), or in 3-dimensional structures (such as diamond and quartz). These substances have high melting and boiling points, are frequently brittle, and tend to have high electrical resistivity.Elements that have high electronegativity, and the ability to form three or four electron pair bonds, often form such large macromolecular structures. Only when two atoms of the same element form a covalent bond are the shared electrons actually shared eq ually between the atoms. When atoms of different elements share electrons through covalent bonding, the electron will be drawn more toward the atom with the higher electronegativity resulting in a polar covalent bond. When compared to ionic compounds, covalent compounds usually have a lower melting and boiling point, and have less of a tendency to dissolve in water.Covalent compounds can be in a gas, liquid, or solid state and do not conduct electricity or heat well. The types of covalent bonds can be distinguished by looking at the Lewis dot structure of the molecule. For each molecule, there are different names for pairs of electrons, depending if it is shared or not. A pair of electrons that is shared between two atoms is called a bond pair. A pair of electrons that is not shared between two atoms is called a lone pair. Octet Rule The Octet Rule requires all atoms in a molecule to have 8 valence electronseither by sharing, losing or gaining electronsto become stable.For Covalent bonds, atoms tend to share their electrons with each other to satisfy the Octet Rule. It requires 8 electrons because that is the amount of electrons needed to fill a s- and p- orbital (electron configuration); also known as a noble gas configuration. Each atom wants to become as stable as the noble gases that have their outer valence shell filled because noble gases have a charge of 0. Although it is important to remember the magic number, 8, note that there are many Octet rule exceptions. Example: The bonding in  carbon dioxide  (CO2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the  octet rule.Single Bond A single bond is when two electronsone pair of electronsare shared between two atoms. It is depicted by a single line between the two atoms. Although this form of bond is weaker and has a smaller density than a double bond and a triple bond, it is the most stable because it has a lower level of reactivity meaning less vulnerability in losing electrons to atoms that want to steal electrons. Double Bond A Double bond is when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each other. It is depicted by two horizontal lines between two atoms in a molecule.This type of bond is much stronger than a single bond, but less stable; this is due to its greater amount of reactivity compared to a single bond. Triple Bond A Triple bond is when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule. It is the least stable out of the three general types of covalent bonds. It is very vulnerable to electron thieves! Polar covalent bond A Polar Covalent Bond is created when the shared electrons between atoms are not equally shared. This occurs when one atom has a higher electronegativity than the atom it is sharing with.The atom with the higher electronegativity will have a stronger pull for electrons (Similar to a Tug-O-War game, whoever is stronger usually wins). As a result, the shared electrons will be closer to the atom with the higher electronegat ivity, making it unequally shared. A polar covalent bond will result in the molecule having a slightly positive side (the side containing the atom with a lower electronegativity) and a slightly negative side (containing the atom with the higher electronegativity) because the shared electrons will be displaced toward the atom with the higher electronegativity.As a result of polar covalent bonds, the covalent compound that forms will have an electrostatic potential. This potential will make the resulting molecule slightly polar, allowing it to form weak bonds with other polar molecules. One example of molecules forming weak bonds with each other as a result of an unbalanced electrostatic potential is hydrogen bonding, where a hydrogen atom will interact with an electronegative hydrogen, fluorine, or oxygen atom from another molecule or chemical group.Non polar covalent bond A Nonpolar Covalent Bond is created when atoms share their electrons equally. This usually occurs when two atoms have similar or the same electron affinity. The closer the values of their electron affinity, the stronger the attraction. This occurs in gas molecules; also known as diatomic elements. Nonpolar covalent bonds have a similar concept as polar covalent bonds; the atom with the higher electronegativity will draw away the electron from the weaker one.Since this statement is trueif we apply this to our diatomic moleculesall the atoms will have the same electronegativity since they are the same kind of element; thus, the electronegativity will cancel each other out and will have a charge of 0(A. K. A. Nonpolar covalent bond). Bonding in Organic Chemistry Ionic and Covalent bonds are the two extremes of bonding. Polar covalent is the intermediate type of bonding between the two extremes. Some ionic bonds contain covalent characteristics and some covalent bonds are partially ionic. For example, most Carbon-based compounds are covalently bonded but can also be partially ionic.Polarity is a measure of the separation of charge in a compound. A compounds polarity is dependent on the symmetry of the compound as well as differences in electronegativity between atoms. Polarity occurs when the electron pushing elements, left side of the periodic table, exchanges electrons with the electron pulling elements, right side of the period table. This creates a spectrum of polarity, with ionic(polar) at one extreme, covalent(nonpolar) at another, and polar covalent in the middle. Both of these bonds are important in Organic Chemistry.Ionic bonds are important because they allow the synthesis of specific organic compounds. Scientists can manipulate ionic properties and these interactions in order to form products they desire. Covalent bonds are especially important since most carbon molecules interact primarily through covalent bonding. Covalent bonding allows molecules to share electrons with other molecules, creating long chains of compounds and allowing more complexity in life. AS SIGNMENT IN CHEM LEC 1 * Ionic bond * Covalent bond Submitted to: Dr. Juliet Salgados Submitted by: Russhel Aira Dolauta

Turners Syndrome essays

Turners Syndrome essays Turner's Syndrome- (Webster's definition) A chromosomal disorder resulting in a syndrome characterized by specific dysmorphic features (short stature) and organ malformations (gonadal dysgenesis) Turner's Syndrome- (Anastasia and Rosebud's def.) "It's something that makes me different from other people. It's something that I'm proud of, and ya know what? I have a pretty normal life." When I was assigned this report, I decided to do a little more than the average person does. When I was doing all of the research, I wondered what it would be like to have TS. Well, through the wondrous powers of the Internet, I was able to take a peek at TS by talking to two young women who have it. What did they have to say? Suprizingly, they were extremely open and happy. These girls were full of life and weren't letting TS get to them. Anastasia is 11(from Cincinnati, Ohio), and Rosebud (screen name) is 24, from Minnesota. Anastasia was diagnosed when she was 4 months old. She commented, "It's really not that bad once you get use to it." As a young child, she always is picked on about her shortness. However, she wanted to make it quite clear that she was only picked on about her shortness, and not her TS. Anastasia is in the 6th grade, (Caucasian) and wants to become famous. She takes GH shots to help her growth and shouted to the chat room, "I have TS...and I'm proud of it!!" Rosebud is 24, Caucasian, and single. She was diagnosed when she was 11. She comments that, "I would have to say that I've had a pretty normal life." Rose bud was never teased as a child or as an adult. Children don't really know about TS, but her playmates never made fun of her. Rose also took GH shots when she was younger to help her with the TS, but she doesn't take them anymore Turner's Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder of females (1:2500) characterized by short stature and the lack ...

MLA Referencing †How to Cite a Book

MLA Referencing – How to Cite a Book MLA Referencing – How to Cite a Book MLA referencing, as developed by the Modern Language Association, is a way of citing sources in academic writing, commonly used within the liberal arts and humanities. Books, on the other hand, are papery things with pages that live in libraries. They’re usually full of words, sometimes with a few pictures. These things. You can put them on shelves, too. You probably knew that already, but we thought it was best to clarify. Now that’s settled, in today’s blog post, we explain how to reference a book with MLA citations, which is an essential skill if your college uses this referencing system. In-Text Citations MLA referencing uses parenthetical citations, but the format differs slightly from the â€Å"author–date† system you might know if you’ve used APA or Harvard citations before. The only things you need to give in an MLA citation are the author’s surname and the relevant page number(s) for the passage you’re referencing: Geographical latitude is a â€Å"major determinant† of growing conditions (Diamond 189). If the author is named in the text, simply give page numbers after the relevant passage: According to Diamond, latitude is a â€Å"major determinant† of growing conditions (189). When citing two books by the same author, moreover, you’ll need to differentiate between different sources. To do this in MLA, give a shortened title in the citation alongside the other information: According to Diamond, latitude is a â€Å"major determinant† of growing conditions (Guns, Germs Steel 189). This effects how societies rise and fall (Diamond, Collapse 44-45). Note that there’s a comma between the author name and shortened title when both are given in parentheses. You should also italicize book titles in citations, just in the main text. Reference List/ MLA referencing requires all cited sources to be added to a â€Å"† page at the end of your document. The information to include here for a print book is as follows: Surname, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication. In the case of the book cited above, Guns, Germs Steel, this would appear as: Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years. Vintage Books, 1997. The names here are reversed so that sources can be listed alphabetically by author surname. If a book written by more than one person, you only need to reverse the first author’s names. When citing multiple books by the same author, order them alphabetically by title, but only give the author’s names for the first entry, using three hyphens and a period for subsequent sources: Diamond, Jared. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Penguin, 2006. -. Guns, Germs Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years. Vintage Books, 1997.

Conflict Managment and Resolution Research Paper

Conflict Managment and Resolution - Research Paper Example In order to achieve this aim, the paper will conduct a literature review of the researches conducted till date that have explored the transactional leadership and manager’s approaches to resolving and mitigating conflicts in a workplace. A manager is a person who has to manage the workforce and to make them achieve organizational objectives. A manager has to plan, organize, lead and control. Leading is the core function of management. However, a manager is always a leader but a leader is not always a manager. The transactional leadership is a type of leadership style in which the leader perceives that people can be motivated through rewards and punishments only. This is the most common type of leadership style and widely adopted in contrast to charismatic and transformational leadership style. Every manager has to face conflict issues that takes place while they are performing their roles. In this regard, they have to undertake steps to handle these conflicts and to resolve th em in a manner that is beneficial to the organization. Nevertheless, there are various approaches to conflict management and resolution that varies according to their outcomes and nature. For instance, Hendel, Fish and Galon (2012) conducted a research study of Israeli nurse managers in general hospitals to analyze their choice of strategy whilst managing conflict and their leadership style. The primary reason for undertaking the research was the fact that nurse managers encounter conflict. The conflict management style determines the degree of effectiveness of the managers. Increasingly, the organizations are realizing the importance of adopting effective... This paper approves that Korabik, Baril and Watson found that the men adopt transactional leadership style while managing conflicts at their workplace. Like, they consider the elements of reward and punishment as important factors in managing and resolving conflicts. The study also found that the leadership styles adopted and their subsequent outcomes were the same between both genders. This study shows that the approaches to conflict management from the managers and transactional leaders point of view are gender biased. The females are more towards transformational leadership roles than the transactional ones as the latter involves definite rules and guidelines to follow. The study also shows that male managers are more focused on adopting leadership style that can help them achieve multiple benefits and no loss. The employees are also informed about the incentives of achieving the required standards and the subsequent penalties for failure. Thus, making it easier for the leaders to identify the potential causes of conflict, develop methods to avoid future disputes and resolve the existing problems effectively. This esssay amkes a conclusion that the nature of conflict and its diversity has demanded a uniform set of process to resolve disputes that arise in a workplace and in legal cases. For instance, the large number of intellectual property right cases and their sensitive nature has required a speedy, cost-effective and mutually binding solution to the intellectual property rights stakeholders.

Dance research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dance - Research Paper Example Vaslav was born in the year 1890 in Kiev. Vaslav’s parents were both dancers that were well acclaimed. This was one of the factors that motivated Vaslav to join the dancing world. The family had its own dancing company where they recruited and trained dancers. Vaslav was a natural dancer and did not require a lot of training. The dancing company trained dancers that performed all over Russia with Vaslav tagged along almost all the events. This was the basis of his experience and he gained a lot of confidence due to facing large crowds at a very young age (Kassing 173). The breakthrough for Nijinsky came when he met up with Sergei Diaghilev. This was one of the most prominent people in the entertainment scene at the time and Nijinsky was fortunate to be linked to him. After a while, he joined his dancing group where he got to learn various dance styles. At first, Nijinsky was not sure of which dancing routine he would pursue and thus, with assistance and training, got to try different dances (Russes). After several trials, he got to decide that ballet dancing was his routine of choice and from there on, he indulged fully in this. Diaghilev took Nijinsky alongside other dancers to Paris for a performance. In this performance, Nijinsky pleased the crowd and got a standing ovation alongside with the other dancers since he was the lead in that particular routine. Le Pavillon d’Armide is one of the most acclaimed pieces that the character performed (Russes). This is a piece that he performed in Paris and gave him a huge positive applaud. His style was different from the people that had initially acted and danced in the piece. The reason for this is that Nijinsky was creative. It is also significant to know that he had the ability to relate actively with the audience. In the particular piece, Nijinsky would at times bend over so as to greet his audience while still

Vitamin D Impact on the Liver and Kidney

Vitamin D Impact on the Liver and Kidney Revised vitamin D copy Sources and forms of vitamin D Vitamin D, also termed calciferol, is a fat-soluble secosteroid compound that is an essential regulatory factor for calcium and phosphate metabolism in humans and animals. Its biological functions involve a physiological action in bone formation and mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve signal modulation and transmission as well as many cellular metabolic effects in various organs. There are two forms of vitamin D that are metabolically important; vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol and vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol. The nutritional sources of both forms are limited to certain types of foods that naturally contain vitamin D and therefore it is added to some foods as a supplement. 1.1.1- Exogenous (Diet) Both forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) are exogenously obtained in low quantities from some types of food in the diet. Vitamin D2 is rare as it is produced from fungal and plant sources such as mushrooms and cereals, as a result of irradiation, by ultraviolet photons, of the plant sterol ergosterol. When these foods are ingested, ergocalciferol is absorbed into the blood. Vitamin D3 , on the other hand, is available in very low amounts from animal sources including oily fish such as salmon and mackerel; other sources include meat, liver, cheese, cod liver oil, eggs and fortified foods such as margarine and milk (Holick, 2006; Engelsen et al., 2005; Nowson et al., 2004). Farmed salmon, for example, contains only 25% of the vitamin D levels present in wild salmon, however, the amount of vitamin D in canned food may affected by modern processing methods (Chen et al., 2007). 1.1.2- Endogenous In humans the principal precursor of vitamin D3 is cholesterol which is obtained from the diet. Cholesterol is initially converted to 7-dehydrocholesterol, provitamin D3, through the action of enzymes termed the mucosal dehydrogenase complex, present in the small intestine. Provitamin D3, is then incorporated within chylomicrons and transported to the skin where temperature dependent photoisomerisation processing of 7-dehydrocholesterol takes place in epidermal cells resulting in the production of D3. Within the epidermal cells, vitamin D3 undergoes photocoversion to its isomers 5,6-transvitamin D3 and suprasterol, a process which relies on the amount of ultraviolet radiation absorbed; inadequate sunlight exposure compromises this process (Holick, 2003; Iqbal, 1994). Sunlight exposure is therefore a crucial element in the regulation and enhancement of endogenous cholecalciferol production (Dusso, et al., 2005; Iqbal, 1994; Reichel, et al., 1989; Smith, 1988). Once photoconversion is completed, cholecalciferol binds to Vitamin D Binding Protein (VDBP) and transported to the liver for further metabolic processing. Vitamin D metabolism Both forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) undergo similar metabolic activation in the liver and kidney respectively to produce the physiologically active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. 1.2.1- Skin The skin is characterized by two layers, the outer epidermal region, consisting of several strata, and the inner dermal layer. Skin exposure to UVB rays in sunlight, characterized by a wavelength of 290 nm to 315 nm, allows the initial steps of vitamin D synthesis to occur using the substrate 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) as illustrated in step 1 of Figure 1. UVB absorption by 7-DHC is thought to occur actively in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum regions of the epidermal layer. The substrate 7-DHC is an important intermediate of cholesteryl ester biosynthesis from squalene. During the reaction, 7-DHC forms procholecalciferol through B ring opening of the steroid structure. This transition state is relatively unstable and can further undergo photocatalyzed reactions to form lumisterol and tachysterol (Wolpowitz and Gilchrest, 2006). Lumisterol and tachysterol have been shown to prevent vitamin D reaching intoxicating levels and do not have any direct vitamin D effects (Bouillon et al., 1998). In addition to this protective mechanism, previtamin D poisoning is also prevented because this is an equilibrium reaction that allows cholecalciferol to revert back to 7-DHC (Webb, 2006). Cholecalciferol (previtamin D3) is produced upon double bond rearrangement of procholecalciferol and remains in the extracellular space where it becomes bound to the ubiquitous VDBP (Holick, 2005). Figure1. Sources and steps of vitamin D synthesis in the three major sites: skin, liver and kidney (Figure obtained from Wolpowitz and Gilchrest, 2006). 1.2.2- Liver Cholecalciferol that has been transported to the liver undergoes the first step of its bioactivation, the hydroxylation of carbon 25 (Dusso, et al., 2005) by two hepatic enzymes; the microsomal and mitochomdrial 25-hydroxylases (Deluca et al., 1990). In hepatic cellular microsomes and mitochondria, vitamin D3 is hydroxylated at carbon 25 and transformed to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by both 25-hydroxylase enzymes. This enzyme complex requires the presence of essential catalytic cofactors including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), ferredoxin and molecular oxygen for this reaction to proceed (Sahota and Hosking, 1999; Ohyama et al., 1997; Kumar, 1990). Recently, large numbers of hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes exhibiting 25-hydroxylase action have been identified in vitamin D activation pathways; these enzymes include CYP27A1, CYP3A4, CYP2D25 and CYP2R1 (Dusso, et al., 2005; Cheng et al., 2003; Sawada et al., 2000). However, CYP2R1 is b elieved to be the principal enzyme in the hepatic pathway and the presence of a genetic mutation in its gene may compromise the outcome of this process; both CYP27A1 and CYP2D25 demonstrate high capacity and low affinity features, therefore, their activity is considered insignificant in this pathway (Dusso, et al., 2005; Cheng et al., 2003; Sawada et al., 2000). This metabolic step is inefficiently regulated, i.e. the levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D are elevated as dietary intake of vitamin D increases. Consequently, over 95% of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum circulates as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 which has a half-life of approximately three weeks, and is therefore used in the assessment of vitamin D status (Dusso, et al., 2005; Reichel et al., 1989). The metabolically inert 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is then transported to the kidney for the second step of its bioactivation. 1.2.3- Kidney The second step of vitamin D3 bioactivation takes place at the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Hydroxylation occurs at C-1 of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 whereby the highly active 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) incorporates a hydroxyl group to Carbon-1 of the first ring to form the biologically active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Holick,2006; Dusso, et al., 2005; Deluca et al, 1990; Reichel, et al., 1989). The high activity of 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) present in kidney is not unique to this organ and can also be found in some other organs (Bouillon, 1998). The renal hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is the rate-limiting step in the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and is well regulated. An alternative pathway of hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 within renal mitochondria takes place at Carbon-24 to form 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which is metabolically inert. This process is catalyzed by renal 24-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase in response to 1-ÃŽ ±-hy droxylase suppression. However, 24-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase not only initiates the attachment of the hydroxyl group at Carbon-24 but also enhances the dehydrogenation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and hydroxylation at Carbon 23 and 26 (Sahota and Hosking, 1999; Bouillon, 1998; Reichel, et al., 1989). Renal hydroxylases require the presence of catalytic cofactors that enhance their synthetic activities during this process. Figure 2 shows the details of vitamin synthesis including the enzymes and cofactors required for each step. Figure2. Enzymes, cofactor and intermediates compounds of vitamin D metabolism (Bouillon et al. 1998) 1.2.4- Regulation of vitamin D metabolism Numbers of factors have been demonstrated to be important in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism; particularly significant its regulation through renal production. The factors involved in this regulation comprise parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, dietary calcium and phosphate, insulin and insulin-like growth factor and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 itself (Holick,2006; Deluca, 2004; Sahota and Hosking, 1999). Key interactions of vitamin D with its receptor are known to initiate gene regulation. These mechanisms have been studied using vitamin D analogues which have revealed the mechanism of assembly of transcriptions factors and promotion of gene regulation by this molecule (Cheng et al., 2004; Wu et al., 2002). Figure 3 shows the effect of various regulators on vitamin D metabolism. Figure 3: Alternate pathway for vitamin D3 under different metabolic conditions of low mineral Ca and P levels, PTH concentration and secretion of GH / IGH (Figure obtained from Gomez, 2006). 1.2.4.1- Parathyroid Hormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the primary regulator of renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation (Holick, 2006; Dusso et al., 2005; Bouillon et al., 1998; Issa et al., 1998). PTH regulates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production directly through enhancing 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase activity within kidney cells and increasing the genetic transcription rate of renal proximal tubular 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase both of which result in an increase in the renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production rate. High levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppress the enzyme transcription activity and PTH concentration. Thus, renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a negative feedback response on PTH secretion, providing an efficient regulatory control of renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 homeostasis (Dusso, et al., 2005; Holick,2003; Sahota and Hosking, 1999; Reichel, et al., 1989; Iqbal, 1994). 1.2.4.2- Calcium Dietary calcium exhibits a direct regulatory influence on renal 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase activity via fluctuating serum calcium concentration and indirectly via its effect on serum PTH concentration. Calcium exerts its effect through calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) activation within the parathyroid gland and renal proximal tubules cells in response to low calcium concentration. Thus, the low intracellular calcium levels lead to increased production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 within renal cells (Ramasamy, 2006; Bland et al., 1999; Chattopadhyay et al., 1996). On the other hand, it has been shown that high calcium concentrations markedly impair renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation in human nephrotic cell cultures and in parathyroidectomised animals (Bland et al., 1999; Chattopadhyay et al., 1996). An increase in extracellular calcium indirectly suppresses 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production at the proximal convoluted tubule by inhibiting PTH release (Deluca, 2004; Carpenter, 1990). Howev er, the detailed mechanism of calcium-sensing receptors (CaR) activation is not yet fully understood (Dusso, et al., 2005; Hewison, et al., 2000). 1.2.4.3- Phosphate Dietary phosphate intake and serum phosphate concentrations exhibit regulatory effects on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in proximal renal tubules. This effect has been demonstrated in several studies which showed that a decrease in dietary phosphate accelerated renal formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, but did not directly affect 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 catabolism. Conversely, elevated serum phosphate and increased phosphate intake led to decreased production of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Carpenter, 1989; Reichel et al., 1989). Several studies have shown that inorganic phosphate levels have no significant direct effect on mitochondrial 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase activity in cultured renal cells in the short term, suggesting that the action of inorganic phosphate is not mediated via changes in PTH and Calcium concentrations and is possibly inducted by other hormones such as growth hormone, insulin and insulin-like growth factor (Khanal et al., 2006; Dusso et al., 2005; Carpenter, 1 989). In recent studies, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), frizzled-related protein 4 (FRP-4) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) have all been identified as potent and key regulatory factors of 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase activity in renal cells. These factors act through a biphasic mechanism on renal phosphate homeostasis and modulate the circulating levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced by proximal renal tubules (Dusso et al., 2005; Inoue et al., 2005; Mirams et al., 2004). 1.2.4.4- Calcitonin Calcitonin belongs to a family of calcium regulating hormones that is produced in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, also known as C cells. It is a short and linear polypeptide with a molecular weight of only 3.7 kD. It is characterized by 32 amino acids and a disulfide bridge in the N terminal portion of the peptide. Calcitonin is secreted in response to increased free Ca2+ in blood and acts on osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells, as a suppressor of bone dissolution. Although calcitonin decreases Ca+2 and inorganic phosphate in blood, it also has the ability to recruit phosphorus into other cells. In addition to these metabolic functions, it is also involved in the upregualtion of CYP27B hydroxylase through the protein kinase C pathway (Yoshida et al., 1999) via a phosphorylation cascade that activates cAMP and induces the expression of hydroxylase thereby activating the transformation of 25(OH) D3 to 1,25(OH)2 D3. In addition to the significant role as a calcium regulating hormone, calcitonin is also known to stimulate the production of vitamin D in tandem with PTH (Yoshida et al., 1999; Wongsurawat and Armbrecht, 1991). Previous studies revealed that 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase mRNA expression, 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase activity and the production of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D3 all increased in rat kidney cells following the administration of calcitonin (Yoshida et al., 1999; Galante et al., 1972; Rasmussent et al., 1972). However, in cases of diabetes, it is postulated that the kidney becomes immune to the effect of this hormone in diabetic rats which lead to increase vitamin D production (Wongsurawat and Ambrecht, 1991). 1.2.4.5- Growth hormone, Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-1 Growth hormone (GH) has many regulatory actions in various metabolic processes in humans and mammals and its effect on mineral homeostasis in target organs such as bone and renal cells is well documented. While the regulatory effects of GH on dietary calcium and phosphate metabolism in different tissues have been established, its effect on vitamin D metabolism remains controversial. However, many studies have shown that GH increases the expression of 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cultured cells and experimental animals (Gomez, 2006). Wu and colleagues reported that serum1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases after GH administration in hypophysectomized rats fed with a phosphate depleted diet. Short-term studies in healthy humans have shown that GH raises 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase enzyme activity and promotes 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis without changes in PTH, calcium and phosphate concentrations, suggesting that the increasing circulating levels of 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 following GH administration is not mediated by PTH action (Wu et al., 1997; Bianda et al., 1997; Wright et al., 1996). GH has also been shown to lead to increased production and serum concentration of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in pigs and in renal impaired prepubescent children. These are thought to be a result of the direct and indirect effects of GH on 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase expression, and on calcium and inorganic phosphate homeostasis in renal tubules cells (Strife and Hug, 1996; Denis et al., 1995). However, the action of GH on vitamin D metabolism in vitro remains uncertain and may involve other regulatory factors such as PTH and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). It has been shown that GH does not raise 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels directly in cultured cells obtained from aged-rats; yet it stimulates calcium absorption and the expression of calcium binding proteins in vitro indicating that the effect of GH is mediated through the action of other factors such as IGF-1 (Fleet et al., 1991). Insulin is another key factor with a role in vitamin D homeostasis. Insulin significantly decreases renal hydroxylase activity and renal synthetic capacity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in insulin deficient patients or those receiving insulin therapy (Armbrecht et al., 1996). However, a study of different routes of therapeutic insulin administration in human diabetic subjects concluded that insulin induces the hepatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. This effect is related to the fact that insulin is a potent inducer of the vast majority of liver hydroxylases enzymes (Colette et al., 1989). This study also showed that there was no significant difference in circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 between different methods of insulin administration. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is maintained at normal concentrations in those subjects on long term insulin therapy; however, continuous intraperitioneal infusion procedure (CPII) may augment hepatic 25-hydroxlase activity (Col ette et al., 1989). Similarly insulin has shown a significant effect on stimulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and PTH stimulation with no concomitant action on 24-hydroxylase expression in rat osteoblast cells when these cells were cultured with known concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and PTH (Armbrecht et al., 1996). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a relatively small peptide that is primarily expressed in hepatic cells and to a lesser extent in some other cells and tissues. It has been identified as one of the potent regulatory components of mineral metabolism in humans and mammals. Recent studies on the metabolic effect of IGF-1 revealed that the administration of IGF-1 to aged laboratory animals, fed on a calcium- and phosphate- deficient diet, can restore 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase activity and enhance the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In contrast, there was no significant effect of IGF-1 on enzyme activity and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels in adolescent or elderly rats fed on a calcium and phosphate fortified diet concluding that the expression of IGF-1 is not age related but related to the dietary calcium and phosphorus status. (Gomez, 2006; Wong et al., 1997; Wu et al., 1997). In healthy human subjects, a significant effect of IGF-1 on renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis wa s observed after short term infusion with IGF-1. There was no noticeable alteration of the levels of circulating calcium, phosphate and PTH highlighting the role of IGF-1 in stimulating renal expression of 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation in conjunction with GH, independently from PTH (Bianda et al., 1997). In vitro studies have shown that IGF-1 influences the expression of 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis in cells cultured from non renal human tissues. Halhali and colleagues demonstrated that IGF-1 noticeably elevates both the enzyme activity and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels when added into cultured syncytiotrophoblast cells obtained from human placental sources. This study demonstrated that IGF-1 strongly enhances the ability of non renal cells to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 without involvement of GH and PTH (Halhali et al., 1997). 1.2.4.6- 1, 25-dihyroxy vitamin D3 The circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulate its production by renal cells through an indirect negative feedback mechanism. This mechanism appears to reduce the likelihood of vitamin D toxicity by inhibiting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis by an indirect mechanism that controls the 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase gene expression at the molecular level rather than inhibiting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis directly. However, the exact mechanism is not yet fully understood (Dusso et al., 2005; Deluca et al., 1990). A recent study examined the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase production by cultured human keratinocytes. Keratinocytes were cultured with labeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and different concentrations of 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase mRNA and 24-hydroxylase- suppressed proteins. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 did not suppress either the 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase activity or the rate of gene transcription. The study implied that metabolic regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvi tamin D3 is related to the molecules biodegradation in response to augmented 24-hydroxylase activity rather than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation by 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase (Xie et al., 2002). In addition, Wu and colleagues demonstrated a possible alternative mechanism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis linked to the fact that both 24-hydroxylase and 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase enzymes share equivalent metabolic capability and they proposed the possibility of protein- protein interaction between intracellular vitamin D binding protein and 1-ÃŽ ±-hydroxylase (Wu et al., 2002). 1.2.5- Vitamin D Transport, receptors and mechanism of action Vitamin D receptor (VDR), also known as calcitriol receptor, is a member of the steroid family and belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily (NHR). Human VDR until recently was thought to comprises four functional units with a total of 427 amino acids residues with an estimated molecular weight of about 48 kDa. These units are the DNA binding domain (DBD) or C domain, the D domain and the ligand binding domain (LBD) or E domain. More recently, a carboxy-group with undefined function, known as the F region has been identified (Christakos et al., 2003; Aranda and Pascual, 2001; Rastinejad et al., 2000). These units as, shown in figure 4, are also known as A/B domain. The A/B region of VDR contains a low number of amino acids that participates in essential ligand-independent receptor stimulation (Aranda and Pascual, 2001; Issa et al., 1998). It is not yet clear if the deletion of A/B domain from VDR will compromise ligand binding, DNA binding or its transactivation features (Issa et a l., 1998). In contrast, the structure of the DNA binding domain or C region among NHRs comprises 40% unique amino acids sequences and a domain of more than 67 resemble amino acids residues (Rastinejad et al., 2000). Moreover, the core structure of DBD comprises between 22 and 114 amino acid residues, nine of them are cysteines. Eight of cysteine residues orchestrate with zinc atoms in tetrahedral fashion to form a dual â€Å"zinc-like finger† DNA binding configurations containing approximately 70 amino acids with a carboxy-terminal extension (CTE). This encloses T and A boxes in a dual helix molecule in which one helix is essential for definitive interaction with the main domain on DNA while the second helix takes a part in receptors structural properties (i.e. receptor dimerization) (Aranda and Pascual, 2001; Issa et al., 1998). However, the integration of the structural amino acids of the DBD ÃŽ ±-helix one, at the site of the first zinc atom, determines the selectivity and specificity of recognition of DBD and forms an area known as the â€Å"P Box†. Similarly; the integration of amino acids at the position of the second zinc atom modulates the formation of a configuration termed the â€Å"D Box† which forms a dimerization interface zone (Aranda and Pascual, 2001; Rastinejad et al., 2000; Issa et al., 1998). Furthermore the vast majority of DBD amino acid units are basic amino acids which enhance the non-covalent binding of the DNA helix at the negatively charged phosphate group (Issa et al., 1998). The ligand binding domain (LBD) or E domain has a spherical configuration with many functional regions composed of 12 cohered helix anchors defined as H1 to H12. LBD itself comprises a net of 427 amino acids which contribute to homodimerization and heterodimerization and the interaction of hormones and costimulaotors by a crucial transactivational mechanism (Aranda and Pascual, 2001; Weatherman et al., 2000; Issa et al., 1998). Crystallograp hic studies show that LBD have two cohered and integrated domains, the Ti or â€Å"signature motif† and the carboxy or C terminal AF-2 providing the self-ligand transcriptional properties; hence a higher degree of attraction of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding is observed at 382 to 402 of LBD amino acid sequence and any genetic aberration at this particular amino acids sequence will diminish the interaction capability of LBD (Aranda and Pascual, 2001; Issa et al., 1998). Figure 4: The primary structure of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the binding of retinoid X receptor (RXR)-VDR heterodimers to vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in the form of DR3 and ER6 motifs. (Figure from Lin and White, 2003) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, has been identified as steroid hormone with a mechanism of action similar to other steroid hormones, causing new protein expression in various target organs. Based on the nuclear receptors structural studies, calcitriol is known to exert its biological action through binding with VDR in the cell nucleus to mediate a cascade of transcriptional and translational processes resulting in either the regulation or inhibition of new protein expression in target tissues or the binding to plasma membrane receptors without stimulating new protein synthesis (Nezbedova and Brtko, 2004; Reichel and Norman, 1989). Two different receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been recognized in different target cells; identified as genomic VDRnuc and typical VDRmem .These receptors provide the best dynamical conformational forms for calcitriol interaction and to evoke its genomic and non-genomic effects (Norman et al., 2002). The binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to VDRnuc e nhances the interaction with an undistinguished protein known as the nuclear accessory factor (NAF) and to the caroxy-terminal of VDR. This interaction leads to a structural conversion pattern of the C-terminal of VDR allowing the AF-2 domain to attach with other transcriptional elements such as SCR-1, calcium binding protein (CBP) and P300. This promotes the binding of the heterodimer molecule with DNA at the vitamin D response sites (VDRE) and directs its transcriptional gene activity (Jones et al., 1998; Iqbal, 1994). In addition, these coactivators play a role in DNA configurational changes through histone acetyl transferase activation pathway of the core components of histones. This results in mechanical instability of the DNA structure and enhances the net binding capacity of the coactivators with their corresponding receptors at nucleosomal histone level and leads to the upregulation of these transcriptional coactivators which in trun, accelerate the net gene transcriptional rate to promote the synthesis of the analogous protein (Lipkin and Lamprech, 2006; Jones et al., 1998). Conversely, the non-genomic or classical effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is modulated through its binding with the surface cellular membrane receptor known as mVDR which initiates an immediate response in various target tissues with no genomic transcriptional activity. Many studies demonstrate the rapid effect of calcitriol in rapidly increasing both the level of circulating calcium and its absorption rate in animal intestines, evoking phosphoinoisitide bioactivation, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) elevation, activation of protein kinase C and triggering the mitogen activated protein kinase pathways and involving the chloride gates action potential in different organs (Dusso et al., 2005; Nezbedova and Brtko, 2004; Boyan and Schwartz, 2004; Norman et al., 2002). The entire mechanism, as shown in figure 5, for the rapid effect of calcitriol remains doubtful, however; the proposed mechanism is mediated through the interaction with mVDR leading to a series of intracellular sig naling events. Signaling is orchestrated by the activation of various metabolic pathways involving different transportation mechanisms of certain mineral components of target organs. (Pedrozo et al., 1999; Norman et al., 1999; Revelli et al., 1998). However, other studies reveal that the genomic effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is independent of its non-genomic mechanism (Dusso et al., 2005). Figure 5: Cellular mechanism of action of 1,25(OH)2D3 (Figure from Horst et al., 1997) 1.3- Biological actions of Vitamin D on target tissues and Systems The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is well recognized as a member of steroid hormones that mediates several metabolic and non-metabolic processes in various organs in human and animals as shown in figure 6. 1.3.1- Intestine Mineral absorption in the intestines is increased in the presence of the hormone 1,25(OH) vitamin D. However without this, only 10 to 15% of dietary calcium and 60% of phosphorus is absorbed from the diet (De Luca, 2004). Ca2+ and HPO42- are also absorbed when intestinal cells interact with the vitamin D- VDR- RXR complex. The latter enhances the expression of the epithelial calcium channel and calcium-binding protein which recruits calcium and phosphorus (Holick, 2007). Knock out mice experiments studying the effect of VDR gene deletions also show that the size of the small intestines is related to the levels of calcitriol and dietary calcium availability. Vitamin D deficient mice fed with diets low in calcium exhibited the largest small intestine to large intestine ratio (Cantorna et al., 2004). VDR knock-out mice experiments also aid in the discovery of calcium channels, the route for Ca absorption, in the intestine (Peng et al., 1999). Calbindin is a potent calcium transporter in mammals which characterized by a high affinity for calcium ions. Therefore, the binding of vitamin D to VDR and RXR signals an increased production of calbindin which facilitates systemic Ca2+ ions transportation and prevent the occurrence of calcium toxicity in the intestines. Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the effects of Vitamin D on different tissues and organs (Figure from Holick, 2007). 1.3.2- Bone Takeda et al. (1999) studied the role of vitamin D and VDR in bone cells using knock out mice experiments. Their results showed that bone cells formation triggering mechanisms such as cell to cell interaction between osteoblast and osteoclast progenitors and stromal cells induced by 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and provoke the formation of osteoclasts. In their capacity as bone resorbing cells, osteoclasts can be triggered by low serum calcium levels, to break down bone and free calcium back in to the blood thus redistributing calcium throughout the body. However, this does not occur without the expression of VDR and without vitamin D complexing with its receptor. This study emphasizes the important role of recognition sites on the VDR and the structural implications that the receptor-ligand binding has on VDREs and transcription initiation. Although the effects of PTH

An Analysis of In Cold Blood by Truman Capote Essay

Without giving away any of the forthcoming plot, Truman Capote presents us with a deep sense of negativity throughout the first few paragraphs as he sets the scene for novel. Every mention of a location is swiftly followed by a feeling of emptiness: â€Å"Holcomb, too, can be seen from great distances. Not that there is much to see†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This automatically presents the reader with an air of negativity, almost pre-empting what is going to occur later on in the thrilling novel. Later in the paragraph, Capote presents us with the sentence â€Å"the streets, unnamed, unshaded, unpaved†. This emphasises the feeling that something bad is going to happen by suggesting that because the area/location is completely un-protected, any life that enters the boundaries of Holcomb is also un-protected from what will turn out to be a true contradiction of humanity. The fact that the houses are described as â€Å"one-storey frame affairs† further emphasises the idea that it is completely un-protected. Capote presents us with the idea of a forgotten town, or even a ghost town in a manner of speaking. As Capote details the different establishments in Holcomb, he soon causes juxtaposition of mood: â€Å"Holcomb Bank. The bank failed in 1933†. Capote does not present any form of positivity in the first couple of paragraphs, and the detailing of a bank that had been abandoned for many years adds to the ghostly atmosphere. This ghostly atmosphere is directly linked to a feeling of death and decay. Perhaps these themes will be investigated as the novel progresses. I feel Capote cleverly presents us with a subtle plot overview without actually telling us what is going to happen. He simply presents us with an atmosphere; an atmosphere that is sure to stick in our minds as we read the novel.

Policemen of the World - 947 Words

Policemen of the World Final Paper Courtney N Carpenter Strayer University Contemporary US History Professor Tonya Simmons March 13, 2015 Policemen of the World Thesis and Outline Most people would agree that if the U.S. were to launch missiles to attack Syria in vengeance for their alleged use of the nerve agent sarin against anti- government rebels, it would be another addition to the long list of U.S. foreign military operations. Prior presidents have resulted to war after the country was directly attacked, such as by Japan at the start of WII. But more frequently, American presidents have moved forward without consulting congress, using their authority as the country’s leader or commander in chief. With that leverage, they†¦show more content†¦Lastly, the U.S. and Great Britain invade Iraq and topple the government of Dictator Saddam Hussein. The U.S. invasion in Iraq lasts for the next several years during that time it escalates the violence and fragile political stability of the U.S. In 2008, more people we fueled to remove Bush from office and we in the hopes of change that was promised by newly elected President Obama. References Adelman, J. (2013, November 24). Why the u.s. remains the worlds unchallenged superpower. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/11/24/why-the-u-s-remains-the-worlds-unchallenged-superpower/ Roy, A. (2014, June 19). The us invasion of iraq: The most cowardly war ever fought in history. Retrieved from http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-us-invasion-of-iraq-the-most-cowardly-war-ever-fought-in-history/5387751 ‘unintended consequences’: Obama traces origin of isis to bush-era iraq invasion. (2015, March 17). Retrieved from http://rt.com/usa/241325-obama-isis-iraq-bush/ Walsh, K. (2013, March 19). 10 years ago, the u.s. invaded iraq. Retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/press-past/2013/03/19/10-years-ago-the-us-invaded-iraq Yew, L. (2007, January). The united states, iraq, and the war on terror. Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedPolicemen Of The World Thesis And Outline Final 2 2307 Words   |  10 Pages Assignment 2.1: Policemen of the World Thesis and Outline Stephanie Clay Strayer University 24 May 2014 Introduction Over the last seventy years, the U.S. Military has developed into one of the main tools used by our International Partners to manage complex crisis that pose a serious threat to international peace and security past the United States borders. The number of military personnel that are being deployed to investigate, assist when peacekeeping is greatly needed hasRead MoreSurvivors of Natural Causes and the Media600 Words   |  3 PagesSurvivors of Natural Causes and the Media All around the world, natural disasters are occurring. Even if some might not take more than a minute, they can cause a lot of damage. From 2000 to 2010, there has been an average of 63000 deaths per year due to earthquakes and even more that are injured. They may have survived but suffer and shouldnt be disturbed by anyone, including the press, especially if they are still standing in the debris of their own house. I believe that the press shouldn`t beRead MoreThe United States Military Functions As The World s Police1215 Words   |  5 Pagesits status as policemen of the world. Also, the action against Korea, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and the attempt to stop Expansion of Soviet Expansion during the Cold War are all discussed in this essay. When a country like American, take charge of certain responsibilities they are regarded as the Policemen of the world. So far, America has been the faultless example of the Policeman of the world. 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Those policemen has despair and bitterness inside of them, because they can be in dangerous by just going to the work. They work at war zone every day, also they are worried that the hatred citizens become uncontrollable. If those gangsters have more control over than policemen, gangster will become â€Å"the higher authority.† Since that, they will want to beRead MoreGang Violence On Our Streets1514 Words   |  7 Pageshas happened ever since gangs have been sprouting up in cities? For starters what were once good policemen doing their best to keep us safe in the streets have now become garbage policemen that help the gang. And whats even worse is that when the policemen are busted helping the gang you know what headquarters does? Nothing, nothing at all they just let it slide like if nothing happened so the policemen just stay at it and help the gang. Another negative outcome of gangs is that t6hey usually inspireRead MoreReview Of Jacob Riis s Muckraker 870 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribed a raid which was made by policemen. The object of that raid was the stale-beer dives. He said that the squads sent to make simultaneous control on all tramp’s lair in the area. After that, they caught several tramps and sent them to the police station. Then, Riis described a room of one tenement. There was a dirty floor, broken chair, and many things that it shouldn’t in the memory of the man. In that place, there was a group of poor people. The policemen broke into that room and surroundedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Muckraker By Jacob Riis867 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribed a raid which was made by policemen. The object of that raid was the stale-beer dives. He said that the squads sent to make simultaneous control on all tramp’s lair in the area. After that, they caught several tramps and sent them to the police station. Then, Riis described a room of one tenement. There was a dirty floor, broken chair, and many things that it shouldn’t in the memory of the man. In that place, there was a group of poor people. The policemen broke into that room and surroundedRead More Are Illegal Police Quotas Still Affecting American Citizens?1321 Words   |  6 Pagesof 3.9%. A spokesman for the Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association, Al O’Leary, said, â€Å"The apparent increase in summonses (in New York City) was fueled by quotas. You can call them goals or targets or management productivity levels, but in a practical world, those are quotas (Mauldin). Police chiefs everywhere contend that there are no quotas that their officers must meet, but why then are there so many tickets being given out for ludicrous reasons. My friend’s ticket for traveling five miles perRead More The Boston Police...in 1912 Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesenforcement groups in the world. Underneath this reputation of being one of the best in the world, the police department was having some trouble. Most of the police stations were old and deteriorating. An officer would have to many hours a week. The pay for most policemen were very low. While inflation was in much affect the policeman’s salary stayed the same. And the men were promised raises but never saw much more than they had already made. The Boston city policemen were very angry over these

Dulce Et Decorum Est - 2365 Words

â€Å"Anyone, who truly wants to go to war, has never really been there before† Kosovar. This not so famous quote, tells about how blind people were to the horrors and tribulations of war due to a force we call propaganda. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est pro patria mori† is a controversial phrase used to describe the benefits of going to war. It has different translations but it basically states â€Å"it is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country†, this is just one of the many techniques a nation could use to shade the soldiers to the harsh reality of war. In this essay I will be evaluating two poems Dulce et Decorum est and The Charge of the Light Brigade. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum† est is a poem about war written by Wilfred Owen during World War 1 in 1917-1918.†¦show more content†¦My point is also exercised within the gerunds by continuing the gerunds it suggest that after everyone he still couldn’t do anything to help the soldier. Owen uses inclusive language to make the reader feel sympathy for soldiers blinded by war. â€Å"My friend, you would not tell with such high zest† The use of the words â€Å"My friend† and â€Å"you† already tells us that we are the audience of this quote. The phrase means that we will not talk about war/death enthusiastically because nothing good comes out of it. My point is also expressed somewhere else in the fourth stanza; the poet describes war as â€Å"obscene as cancer†. The incentive behind the poem at this point in time is to enlighten readers to the effects of propaganda on soldiers during World War 1. But during Owens time, this poem was a warning to any soldier or soldier to be, to not experience warfare. Owen also wrote this poem to mock the phrase â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est pro patria mori† he does this in many lines of his poem. I saved this phrase for last because it is the most influential is â€Å"Behind the wagon that i flung him in† This phrase is powerful because many of the translation tell us that â€Å"it is sweet and proper†Ã¢â‚¬ it is pleasing and beauteous†and â€Å"it is sweet and honourable†; as human beings there is no logic behind saying flinging a man behind a wagon is honourable. Gathering all of Owens firsthand experience of war his preparation of war is that it is a negative unethical way of settlingShow MoreRelated Dulce et Decorum Est Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesDulce et Decorum Est In Wilfred Owen’s poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† the speaker’s argument against whether there is true honor in dieing for ones country in World War I contradicts the old Latin saying, Dulce et Decorum Est, which translated means, â€Å"it is sweet and honorable to die for the fatherland†; which is exemplified through Owen’s use of title, diction, metaphor and simile, imagery, and structure throughout the entirety of the poem. The first device used by Owen in the poem is withoutRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est2255 Words   |  10 Pages «Dulce et decorum est », Wilfred Owen (1917, 1920)  «Dulce et decorum est » is a poem written by British poet Wilfred Owen, during World War one, in 1917. The translation of the Latin title is:  «It is sweet and proper ». The completed sentence is as follows:  «It is sweet and proper to die for ones country ». This forms, what the writer refers to as,  «The old Lie ». The poem holds a strong criticism towards the conventional view of war at that written time. I shall now comment briefly on that timesRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen774 Words   |  3 PagesThe poem â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† certainly describes a memorable and thought-provoking scene of World War I. The title of the poem translates to â€Å"It is sweet and meet to die for one’s country.† Throughout the rest of the work, Wilfred Owen indirectly addresses the claim made in the title. He accomplishes this by utilizing the power of the pen to produce startling imagery of the war time and experiences that may actually be personal for him. However, in the last few lines, he makes a more direct statementRead More Dulce et Decorum Est Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesWilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and E. E Cummings’, â€Å"next to of course god america i† are poems that critique patriotic propaganda. Both poems use words and images to effectively depict the influence that patriotic propaganda has on war. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† uses descriptive words to create realistic images of the horrors soldiers are faced with during combat, whereas â€Å"next to of course god america i† uses sarcasm to inform readers that the abuse of propaganda can be used to manipulate othersRead More Dulce et decorum est Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesDulce et decorum est is a well known battlefield poem written by Wilfred Owen. Critical Analysis Dulce et decorum est is a well known battlefield poem written by Wilfred Owen. It has been written in the first person and the present tense to make the reader feel as if they are actually there. It is in three clear sections, which are eight-line stanzas, rhyming ABABCDCD. It has an extra four lines in the last stanza to incorporate the main message of the poem. It uses many similes andRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est Analysis Essays1122 Words   |  5 Pages‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ Essay For years, war and the honour of war has been built up and glorified unfairly by the media in cartoons, movies, games, news and even songs as well as warmongers trying to cash in on unsuspecting and gullible young men who want to be recognized as heroes. Wilfred Owen, who had served in World War 1 and died while defending his country age 25, wrote the poem ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ as an attempt to dismantle the unrealistic expectations about war that boys who are ‘ardentRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Essays1369 Words   |  6 PagesDulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen In the poem, Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen, the social climate of the World War I era is reflected through the poets use of vivid imagery and poetic techniques. The poem itself presents an a blunt impression of the world through its linking of ideas and language in its text. The poem addresses the falsehood that war is glorious, that it is noble, it describes the true horror and waste that is war, with the aim of changingRead MoreWilfred Owen s Dulce Et Decorum Est1880 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the ages, poetry has played--and continues to play--a significant part in the shaping of a generation. It ranges from passionate sonnets of love to the gruesome realities of life. One such example of harsh realism is Wilfred Owen s Dulce et Decorum Est. Owen s piece breaks the conventions of early 20th Century modernism and idealistic war poetry, vividly depicts the traumatizing experiences of World War I, and employs various poetic devices to further his haunted tone and overall messageRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est And The Charge Of The Light Brigade740 Words   |  3 PagesExperience of Battle In this essay, I will be analyzing the two different poems â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† and â€Å"The charge of the Light Brigade†. While reading and analyzing these poems I will be comparing and contrasting the difference between the two poems and also determining the poet’s literary devices to make the point of both authors. War is a sorted out exertion by a legislature or other vast association to stop or annihilation something that is seen as perilous or awful. It is for the mostRead MoreIs Vitai Lampada Similar to Dulce Et Decorum Est1634 Words   |  7 PagesI am going to compare and contrast the way in which different attitudes to war are presented in the poems ‘Dulce et Decorum est’. And ‘Vitai Lampada’. Both poem are a bout war but they are wrote in completely different ways. Firstly, Wilfred Owen wrote a poem named Dulce et Decorum. Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 in Owestry, Shropshire and he died in 1918. Dulce et Decorum was written in 1917. Wilfred Owen enlisted for the war in 1915 and trained in England until the end of 1916