Critique Of Making Peace With The Planet - 1373 Words

Tamesha Barnes December 4, 2014 Paper #2 Environmental Health 301W I pledge that I have neither given nor received any aid on this work_________Tamesha Barnes_________. Critique of Making Peace with the Planet Barry Commoner’s book, Making Peace with the Planet, was an â€Å"extremely accessible and hard-hitting analysis of the environmental crisis (Gold). Barry Commoner made an emotional plea with the public to stop wasting money, and valuable nonrenewable resources. With this book, he provided a visual description of the conflict between the ecosphere, and the technosphere, and how the government had failed the earth. (Sapp). Some of the conflicts that affected the environment included the goods and systems that were produced by human†¦show more content†¦He was also one of the first scientists to mention that even though environmental hazards affected every individual it came in contact with, it mostly affected the poor and racial minorities because of the location of the dangerous chemicals was always near where they inhabited. Barry Commoner not only raised several critical issues in this book, but he also â€Å"carried a war- and-peace metaphor through to the end of the book.† (Moomaw, p.83). Back then, the government spent nearly $1 trillion dollars each year to fund the military expenditures, he proposed that the government should use some of the money as an investment to possibly achieve an â€Å"everlasting peace between the humans and the planet.† (Moomaw, p.83). The money could have been put to use to create both political and economic solutions to promote the peace Barry Commoner so desperately sought after. As usual, this did not happened, in fact the government came up short of the expectations. Barry Commoner later argued that the initial problem was the â€Å"shift to environmentally destructive technologies.† (Moomaw, p.84). Because of this shift many big companies focused on gaining profit from these technologies rather than focusing on the materialistic needs of society or even the environmental concerns as a whole. Barry Commoner also mentioned the technosphere as a ma jor concern caused by environmental pollution. He demonstrated the failure of the government by using the Environmental Protection

This paper will address language barriers in customer service Free Essays

This paper will address language barriers in customer service. This has demanded business to acknowledge their existence by having to set up bilingual websites, employing bilingual representatives as well as hiring third party language lines. Identifying language barriers With the development of global communication, language issues have entered the area of seller/ customer relations, causing serious barriers on the way towards effective servicing customers with different language backgrounds. We will write a custom essay sample on This paper will address language barriers in customer service or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘The diversity of today’s customers offers many challenges to the human resources professional in a multi-ethnic company or institution.’ (Morris, 2002, p. 32) Language barriers in the workplace relate to the two different spheres of company’s performance: one sphere is represented by communication between employees, while another sphere is represented by customer service employees and the need to communicate with foreign-speaking customers. Allison (1999) wrote, that oral communication with customers for whom English is not the native language, frequently becomes a serious barrier towards effective customer service provision. (p. 26) As long as language problems within the company are underestimated, it is difficult to predict stable progressive development of the company’s performance. This challenge becomes even more serious when native languages and origins of the customer and the customer service employee differ dramatically (e.g. English-Chinese). In this situation creation of the bilingual websites to deliver the necessary information to the customers has become one of the best resolutions of the discussed issue. In order to perform efficiently, companies have to attract language specialists for the proper organizing the customer servicing of foreign-language customers. Similar issues can be identified within the framework of manager/ supervisor cooperation. The inability to deliver company’s mission and customer service requirements to the worker, who speaks a different language, will make it difficult to incorporate this worker (her) into the company’s organizational structure. As a consequence, the quality of service provided may decrease. (Weinstock, 2003, p. 99) Simultaneously, the proper utilization of foreign-language workers for communication with foreign customers will lead to higher quality of company’s customer service. Language issues in customer service are even more serious for the company’s corporate image and company’s performance on the market. The quality level of customer service is frequently included into the list of factors, on the basis of which customers make their choice towards a specific product or company. Thus, inability to overcome language barriers with customers may serve against the company’s striving to occupy stable market position. (Jacobs, 2004, p. 150) The causes of language barriers Many highly-skilled and valuable employees have difficulty with the pronunciation challenges that American English puts before them. Many sounds in our language do not exist in their native languages, resulting in pronunciations that are unintelligible to the average listener’. (Ferris Frink, 2003, p. 228) Physical articulation of English sounds by foreign language speakers is not the only cause of language barriers in customer service. This list can be supplemented by the cultural problems closely connected with language, as well as the inability of the company’s management to supply employees with effective solutions of language issues. (Ferris Frink, 2003, p. 229) Recommendations Among the basic recommendations for the language problems’ solution the following guidelines can be applied: – Â   Â  providing the customer service staff with opportunities to educate and broaden language skills; – Â   Â  utilizing foreign employees in the striving towards better customer service functioning, as well as including professional interpreters into the company’s staff. (Varner Beamer, 2005, p. 84) It is also essential, that company and product information is provided in several different languages to attract and retain customers with various origins and language backgrounds. Including multilingual approaches into numerous aspects of the company’s activity will only work for the benefit of the company’s customers, and as a result, for the benefit of the company’s performance. Conclusion Language barriers in the customer service may seem irrelevant in the light of other global problems, which companies have to solve daily. However, such language problems are much broader than it is traditionally assumed – improper customer servicing is a direct way towards worsening company’s image and decreasing company’s revenues. This is why in order to avoid far-reaching negative consequences language barriers should be timely and properly addressed. References Allison, M. (1999). Organizational barriers to diversity in the workplace. Journal of Leisure Research, 31, 26-32. Ferris, G. Frink, D. (2003). Diversity in the workplace: The human resources management challenges. Human Resource Planning, 16, 214-242. Jacobs, E. (2004). Overcoming language barriers: Costs and benefits of interpreter services. Human Resource Planning, 17 (5), 149-151. Morris, C. (2002). Cultural and language barriers in the workplace. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Workforce Development. Varner, I. Beamer, L. (2005). Intercultural communication in global workplace. Boston: Irwin/ McGraw-Hill. Weinstock, B. (2003). Bringing language and culture gaps in the workplace. Washington: Washington Business Group on Health. How to cite This paper will address language barriers in customer service, Essay examples

This paper will address language barriers in customer service Free Essays

This paper will address language barriers in customer service. This has demanded business to acknowledge their existence by having to set up bilingual websites, employing bilingual representatives as well as hiring third party language lines. Identifying language barriers With the development of global communication, language issues have entered the area of seller/ customer relations, causing serious barriers on the way towards effective servicing customers with different language backgrounds. We will write a custom essay sample on This paper will address language barriers in customer service or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘The diversity of today’s customers offers many challenges to the human resources professional in a multi-ethnic company or institution.’ (Morris, 2002, p. 32) Language barriers in the workplace relate to the two different spheres of company’s performance: one sphere is represented by communication between employees, while another sphere is represented by customer service employees and the need to communicate with foreign-speaking customers. Allison (1999) wrote, that oral communication with customers for whom English is not the native language, frequently becomes a serious barrier towards effective customer service provision. (p. 26) As long as language problems within the company are underestimated, it is difficult to predict stable progressive development of the company’s performance. This challenge becomes even more serious when native languages and origins of the customer and the customer service employee differ dramatically (e.g. English-Chinese). In this situation creation of the bilingual websites to deliver the necessary information to the customers has become one of the best resolutions of the discussed issue. In order to perform efficiently, companies have to attract language specialists for the proper organizing the customer servicing of foreign-language customers. Similar issues can be identified within the framework of manager/ supervisor cooperation. The inability to deliver company’s mission and customer service requirements to the worker, who speaks a different language, will make it difficult to incorporate this worker (her) into the company’s organizational structure. As a consequence, the quality of service provided may decrease. (Weinstock, 2003, p. 99) Simultaneously, the proper utilization of foreign-language workers for communication with foreign customers will lead to higher quality of company’s customer service. Language issues in customer service are even more serious for the company’s corporate image and company’s performance on the market. The quality level of customer service is frequently included into the list of factors, on the basis of which customers make their choice towards a specific product or company. Thus, inability to overcome language barriers with customers may serve against the company’s striving to occupy stable market position. (Jacobs, 2004, p. 150) The causes of language barriers Many highly-skilled and valuable employees have difficulty with the pronunciation challenges that American English puts before them. Many sounds in our language do not exist in their native languages, resulting in pronunciations that are unintelligible to the average listener’. (Ferris Frink, 2003, p. 228) Physical articulation of English sounds by foreign language speakers is not the only cause of language barriers in customer service. This list can be supplemented by the cultural problems closely connected with language, as well as the inability of the company’s management to supply employees with effective solutions of language issues. (Ferris Frink, 2003, p. 229) Recommendations Among the basic recommendations for the language problems’ solution the following guidelines can be applied: – Â   Â  providing the customer service staff with opportunities to educate and broaden language skills; – Â   Â  utilizing foreign employees in the striving towards better customer service functioning, as well as including professional interpreters into the company’s staff. (Varner Beamer, 2005, p. 84) It is also essential, that company and product information is provided in several different languages to attract and retain customers with various origins and language backgrounds. Including multilingual approaches into numerous aspects of the company’s activity will only work for the benefit of the company’s customers, and as a result, for the benefit of the company’s performance. Conclusion Language barriers in the customer service may seem irrelevant in the light of other global problems, which companies have to solve daily. However, such language problems are much broader than it is traditionally assumed – improper customer servicing is a direct way towards worsening company’s image and decreasing company’s revenues. This is why in order to avoid far-reaching negative consequences language barriers should be timely and properly addressed. References Allison, M. (1999). Organizational barriers to diversity in the workplace. Journal of Leisure Research, 31, 26-32. Ferris, G. Frink, D. (2003). Diversity in the workplace: The human resources management challenges. Human Resource Planning, 16, 214-242. Jacobs, E. (2004). Overcoming language barriers: Costs and benefits of interpreter services. Human Resource Planning, 17 (5), 149-151. Morris, C. (2002). Cultural and language barriers in the workplace. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Workforce Development. Varner, I. Beamer, L. (2005). Intercultural communication in global workplace. Boston: Irwin/ McGraw-Hill. Weinstock, B. (2003). Bringing language and culture gaps in the workplace. Washington: Washington Business Group on Health. How to cite This paper will address language barriers in customer service, Essay examples

Founding Brothers Book Review free essay sample

The book being critiqued in the following review is Founding Brothers by Joseph Ellis. Ellis’ goal in writing this book was to define the political events and achievements that gained historical significance because they framed the successive history of the United States. Ellis wrote on this specific topic because he felt the need to argue the fact that the American Revolution and the greatness achieved by the founding generation were the result of a collective effort. Ellis emphasizes that the success of the United States, at the time of its formation, was not an inevitable conclusion. At the time, it was an improbable result that was eventually achieved by a small group of distinguished political leaders that collectively built and shaped the United States. The American Revolution’s true success was achieved because of the personal and ideological diversity within the mix that produced a sort of balanced system that sets the American Revolution apart from all other subsequent revolutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Founding Brothers Book Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ellis uses six significant events in the early years of the republic that involve eight important figures to support his thesis. First, he describes the Hamilton and Burr duel and the history behind it. The story of the duel was a way for Ellis to discuss the importance of character and honor to the founding generation. The next piece of evidence Ellis used was the secret dinner held by Thomas Jefferson in order for James Madison and Alexander Hamilton to reach a compromise. Hamilton wanted support for his Assumption Bill and Madison wanted the national capitol to be closer to the south. Ellis suggests that Jefferson attempted to overemphasize his importance through his account. Ellis also indicates an expanding divide within the country and the need for a wise mediator in order to reach a compromise. Jefferson’s account recognizes the fear in all three of them. This fear of failure is a point emphasized by Ellis. Ellis’ next story discusses the issue of slavery in the early republic and the government’s long-standing silence regarding the issue. Ellis describes a heated House debate in 1790 where slavery was reluctantly addressed. Benjamin Franklin and James Madison’s reactions are discussed. Ellis recognizes that in this moment, compromise was absent and the divisions within the country were becoming increasingly conspicuous. Ellis emphasize that making slavery a non-issue eventually led to the Civil War. The next event described by Ellis was the publishing of George Washington’s Farewell Address. Ellis addresses Washington’s legacy and regard for future generations of America. In his next story, Ellis examines how the relationships of 1776 turned into more sensible collaborations that would mold American history. Ellis focuses mainly on the relationship between Jefferson and Adams as well as Adams’ collaboration with his wife, Abigail. In his final piece of evidence, Ellis tells the story of the extensive communication between Adams and Jefferson during the last fourteen years of their lives, restoring their lost friendship after a political betrayal. Overall, based on the sources used, the history is unbiased, although Ellis does acknowledge the sometimes exaggerated and biased writings of the Founding Fathers and of those who were around them at the time. These occasional obscurities are recognized and addressed by Ellis. However, the book is historically accurate and gives an objective view of each situation. The claims made by Ellis are thoroughly supported with facts and evidence and, therefore, I have no reason to object to any of his claims. As a result, I would not change anything about the book and believe that it tells an overall historical truth of the post-revolutionary period in America.

Stress and Burnout in Organizations

Introduction The term stress was predominantly applicable in the ancient centuries to imply hardship, difficulty, strain as well as affliction. In the growing centuries, the term has been used interchangeably.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Stress and Burnout in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the core meaning has always remained poignant in all its definitions. Stress may refer to a state of psychological and physical discomfort of an individual, which is derivative of the interaction of external and biological factors (Antoniou Cooper, 2005). The increased global organizational competiveness has immensely impacted on the expectations from employees. For instance, extra working hours and high performance out puts expected from workers has led to organizational stress. Stress within organizations and other workplaces may be categorized according to an individual’s skills or competencies. In addition, the job demands also include potential determinants of the level of stress within organizations. Notably, stress might emanate from environmental factors within the workplace, exhaustive work arrangements and workloads, improper work conditions, role conflicts and communication breakdown. According to Antoniou Cooper, (2005), Burnout is â€Å"a disorder associated with emotional exhaustion and minimized individual achievement that transpires amongst persons who perform extensive jobs.† It also refers to a gradual loss of focus, motivation and objectivity encountered by individuals within some professions due to their job conditions.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is an exhaustion and weariness that potentially minimizes an employee’s effectiveness and competencies. Generally, this situation is presently notable within organizations. This paper discusses the organizations’ and workers’ challenges related to stress and burnout. Problems of Stress and Burnout on Employees Stress and burnout on employees have had significant negative influences on both the employee’s professional as well as personal lives. Due to burnout, workers have experienced diverse health and psychological complications. Apathy, minimized body energy and irritability include some of such complications. Apart from these, the workers have ended up committing costly errors on duty; they have demonstrated a tendency of unrealistic complaints and have become tardy. Absenteeism is a predominant practice amongst the victims of stress and burnouts. Additionally, some workers have developed complicated illnesses and suffered decreased motivation for their career development and work out put. Increased substance abuse is a critical negative trend that has been observed amongst the stressed workers (Zellars, Perrewe Hochwarter, 2000). Stress and burnouts have resulted to unhealthy withdrawals amongst the affected employees. As a result, they have become ineffective in their duties. Most of the affected workers have also transferred their occupational stress to their families. Due to this, they have suffered broken marriages and families, which is more detrimental.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Stress and Burnout in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of severe stress and burnout, a considerable number of employees have committed suicide. Such incidences have been recorded either at home or in the job places. The ability of the stressed employee to affect or infect other fellow workers is eminent. This is because during the interactions of work processes, an inflicted worker remains vulnerable to normal issues and is more likely to inflict or transfer the stress to others (Antoniou Cooper, 2005). This might cause severe conflicts and breakdown of social networks amongst the employees. Thus, it is vital to note that stress and burnout bear severe impacts on the personal, social as well as professional lives of workers. Problems of Stress and Burnout to the Organization The consequences of stress and burnouts on an organization can be intensive. The increased global competiveness has led to the emergence of challenging work output and competency demands on every employee. Due to stress and burnout, organizations are more likely to experience frequent conflicts amongst employees. Broken communication and feedback mechanisms are likely to emanate. This might lead to a remarkable impairment of the service delivery systems. Organizations are potentially set to lose their revenues and become inefficient when served by stressed workers (Bakker Schaufeli, 2000). In addition, due to stress and burnout, organizations are more likely to incur considerable revenue expenses on th e programs set by the human resource to manage the victims.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stress and burnout cause low self-esteem and motivation amongst the workers. As a result, they lose the sense of innovation. This condition renders an organization redundant and lowers its general competitiveness with other firms due to lack of novelty. Stress and burnout also have the potential to make an organization encounter elevated turnover, absenteeism as well as increased motives for employees to quit (Antoniou Cooper, 2005). Thus, organizations are more likely to lose their valuable human resource and incur minimized productivity rates. Indeed, it is obvious that stress and burnout have potential negative impacts on the general performance of the organization. Conclusion Stress and burnout have remarkably negative impacts on both the workers as well as the general organization. Some of the factors that may be attributed to stress and burnout include Globality, increased organizational demands and competiveness. Otherwise, it should be noted that the components, agents and consequences of these conditions within organizations remain intricate in nature. For effective and efficient performance, organizations must set up critical monitoring systems for stress and burnout amongst their employees. Consequently, an effective management programme is vital for the organizations to minimize the notable negative impacts of stress and burnout. References Antoniou, A.-S. G., Cooper, C. L. (2005). Research companion to organizational health psychology. Cheltenham, [Angleterre: E. Elgar. Bakker, A., Schaufeli, W.B. (2000). Burnout contagion processes among teachers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 30: 2289-2308. Zellars, K.L., Perrewe, P. L., Hochwarter, W. A. (2000). Burnout in health care: The role of the five factors of personality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 30: 1570-1598. This research paper on Stress and Burnout in Organizations was written and submitted by user Amaya Zamora to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Saahil Patel Essays - African-American Culture, Music, Free Essays

Saahil Patel Essays - African-American Culture, Music, Free Essays Saahil Patel Global Hip Hop January 24, 2016 Gilroy talks about the black culture in a very emotional way in The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Gilroy opens by talking about how authenticity has always been a challenge in the black community and how they will always will. He also touches on ideas from other famous philosophers such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Zora Neale Hurston over authenticity' and it s advanced perceptions li ke truthfulness and attraction. By using the metaphor "the black Atlantic ," Gilroy says that the black community has to be able to adapt to the different influences to be able to survive and overcome challenges that may come up in the future. In the chapter one, Gilroy talks all the aspects of political opinions. He makes an argument that the Atlantic music was a response during the 1960s. During this time, Gilroy brings up the idea of double consciousness that was expressed between the Europeans as well as African Americans. A lot of these individuals had not found their true identity and were confused about why they were treated differently than others. He brings up many interesting points such as cultural formations and social analysis where races had to do self-reflecting for the first time in many years. When Gilroy goes through to talk about ethnic authenticity , he says that a lot of it was driven through music. When music started to come out and races would listen to certain genres , society would directly tie that particular race with that type of music. It shows that the history of black Atlantic community was classified based of the type of music they would listen to. As Gilroy said, "T hose inherited from Africa, and those generated from the special bitterness of new world racial slavery ." According to Gilroy he is saying that is the specific definition of authentic black music. However, I believe there is no way to be able to identify what that actually means. He was simply grouping all music that was created by Africans and said it was coming from the motherland of Africa. Gilroy ignores the place of where the songs were originated in and goes on to argue that it is a problem from within the community. An example would be Nas , also known as Nasir Jones. Over his rap career he talked a lot about how all of African history is world history. Nas brings up an interesting point saying that whenever there are any problems in society, Africans tend to have problems with other races as well that classifies it as world history. Nas also has criticized the quality of hip-hop music. In many interviews he talks about how they he wants his music to reach people in Africa and show them that things have changed. Even if there are cultural differences between the two nations, he still wants his music to get to everyone around the world. Another example who m also displayed a very similar message was Jay Z . Even though Nas never became has famous as Jay Z, they both were trying to get the same message across the table. Jay and Nas beca me two of the most influential artists over a period of time to help change that co ntemporary hip-hop music to a more historical side. It was driven more to help educate a widespread community that all had the same taste in music and to prove a point. Even in recent tracks such as "Bridging the Gap," Nas talks about how they need bend music genres together and not worry about where the origin is, but more to put more emphases on the meaning behind the music. Nas was one of the few to stay away from rapping about the generic topics that most rappers stick too such as; drugs, gang violence, and growing up being poor. He was able to use African history to bring together the community and make a new name for contemporary hip hop. Kanye West, much like many philosophers, wanted to spread his ideas of humanity through his music. Most of West's songs are about race and how recent violence has once again

Argumentative Essay: Abortion

English 101 9 Dec 2010 The End before the Beginning Is abortion murder? Should abortion be illegal? Abortion is something that is not overlooked, but not exactly given the proper attention it should have. Abortion causes a lot chaos today. Abortion is a process where the mother kills the fetus. Sometimes there are understandable reasons for these actions, but then some women feel they aren’t ready to be a mother. If abortion wasn’t an option then what would the women do? How could they get rid†¦ Discursive essay - Abortion Abortion is a process viewed differently throughout the world. Usually happening in the first twenty four weeks. It is the process in which a pregnancy is terminated some of the reasons why people can have very different opinions on the topic is due to the religion they follow, the morals they believe in or the background they come from. It is certainly true that there are varied types of abortion. The type received depends on how far along the pregnancy is. One type†¦ Argumentative Essay 5 I should have focused more on my grades this year. By attending many social events, waiting until the last minute to complete work, and refusing to study my grades began to drop. I feel that if I would have put more effort into my school work I would have achieved the grades I am capable of getting. By hanging out with friends and putting off work my grades gradually began to drop. Your senior year is not the year to slack off in; it would have better prepared me for college†¦ Argumentative Essay Should we always tell the truth? Do you always tell the truth or lies? You are not likely to reply immediately because this question is very extreme. While we live, we cannot always tell the truth, and we also cannot always tell lies. May be, it will depend on the situation that you encountered. There are innumerable reasons why most people tell lies to others. Usually, we tell lies to hide own fault or show off ourselves. There are a little bit different lies, of course†¦ Argu1nentative Essays Mani stones, Nepal An argumentative essay is an essay in which you agree or disagree with an issue, using reasons to support your opinion. Your goal is to convince your reader that your opinion is right. Argumentation is a popular kind of essay question because it forces students to think on their own: They have to take a stand on an issue, support their stand with solid reasons, and support their reasons with solid evidence. In a general writing test such as the TOEFL†¦ Evaluation Essay Argumentative essays work to convince an audience that the writer 's point of view on a subject is the correct one, and to persuade the audience to agree with the author’s viewpoint. The author must provide evidence and appeal to his or her readers. â€Å"Parents Should Be Allowed to Control What Kids Watch†, an article by Leland Y. Yee is an argumentative essay explaining why parents should monitor the games their kids play and the TV shows they watch, and the consequences of not doing†¦ Argumentative Essay Planned Parenthood Millions of women across America will struggle to receive the medical attention they need if the federal government stops funding to Planned Parenthood. Every year 363 million dollars goes into the funding â€Å"pot† collectively at Planned Parenthood’s nationwide (Clark 5). This money is used predominantly by women; for six in ten women, Planned Parenthood acts as their main source of health care (Clark 4). Many individuals with low incomes depend on these clinics†¦ Argumentative Essay The function of an argumentative essay is to show that your assertion (opinion, theory, and hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others'. The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. Many people might think that if one simply has an opinion, one can argue it successfully, and these folks are always surprised when others don't agree with them because their logic seems so correct. Argumentative writing is the act of forming†¦ Argumentative Essay Braden Rawson Social Networking or the use of specific websites or applications to interact with other users is one of the many key and driving factors today in our world. We find ourselves lost for many minutes or possibly hours at a time on any particular app or website. Looking deeper into the issue of social networking and its impact on our life, I highly doubt we have accomplished anything at all. A very smart man once said, â€Å"Time is money.† If that quote is true do we†¦ Mary Townsend Med. Lit. Mrs. Averbeck February 27, 2016 On January 22, 1973 the United States Supreme Court made a 7 - 2 decision to legalize abortion in most of the fifty states. Although abortion was not legal in the past it was being preformed on women since the fifteenth century all over the globe, but, most women did not survive the surgery. That is the biggest reason it was preformed in secret because it was taking so many lives. Thanks to modern day medicine and technology the success†¦